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Monarchy: A form of government where one king rules the city or country.
Republic: A system of government where people choose their leaders and there is no king.
Empire: A large group of territories controlled by one ruler called an emperor.
Emperor: The main ruler of the Roman Empire with political and military power.
Senate: An important political group that helped to make decisions in Ancient Rome.
Legion: A large and well-organized group of Roman soldiers.
Expansion: The process of growing and controlling new lands and territories.
Romanization: The process of spreading Roman culture, language, and laws in conquered lands.
Aqueduct: A construction used to carry water from rivers to cities.
Polytheism: The belief in many gods.
Law: A rule made by the government that people must follow.
Amphitheatre: A large building used for shows and fights, like the Colosseum.
Ancient Rome started as a small city-state in Italy. At first, Rome was a monarchy, and a king ruled the city. Later, the Romans created a republic, where people chose their leaders. The most important leaders were the consuls and other magistrates, who worked with the Senate. Roman citizens met in an assembly to vote and make laws.
Roman society was divided into patricians, who were rich and powerful, and plebeians, who were common people with fewer rights. Over time, Rome began a period of expansion. The Roman army, organized in legions, conquered many lands and created new provinces.
Rome became a great empire, ruled by an emperor. The Romans built strong roads, aqueducts, and cities with a forum and an amphitheatre. They spread their culture through romanization. Romans believed in polytheism, worshipping many gods.
In the final years, there were civil wars and many invasions by barbarians. These problems caused the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.
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